Use of Power and Political Acumen in the Organization Term Paper

Use of Power and Political Acumen in the Organization - Term Paper Example A good example demonstrating how a politically astute strategy was used to enhance a nurses power base involved a nurse acting as a policy advocate in a bid to improve health care delivery in a health organization. According to Parker (2007), "A nurse gains power through establishing positive, collegial, working relationships with physicians, other nurses, and all the members of the health care team. Productive relationships increase a nurses power to base care decisions on ethical principles". The nurse therefore advocating for the rights of the patients engaged effective skills particularly her convincing skills, negotiation skills, and decision making capabilities in seeking the support of all individuals involved in health care delivery. In doing so, the nurse created a productive relationship with all stakeholders and hence expanding her power base (Paynton, 2008). There are numerous strategies that can be used to enhance or leverage power and political acumen in the nursing profession. One of these strategies as elucidated by Pfeffer (2010) is being in charge of all resources within the organization that are of significance to other employees. Good examples of such resources include finances and information. Political acumen and power in nursing denotes the ability of a nurse to garner the support of others. Assisting other nurses and physicians to access the resources they require to conduct their activities and obligations can work in favor of a nurse as it is easy to convince them to return the favor when their support is needed (Pfeffer, 2010). Another strategy to enhance or leverage power and political acumen includes the use of rewards and punishment (Pfeffer, 2010). Since time immemorial, individuals in positions of management have issued rewards for individuals who support them in their endeavors and subsequently chastise those who work against them. Nursing leaders can therefore make it known that those who give

Absolute and Comparative Advantage Essay Example for Free

Absolute and Comparative Advantage Essay An individual, a firm, a region, or a county may develop an area of specialization naturally, but frequently choices must be made to determine what to produce for exchange or trade. Producers should concentrate on the activity in which the)- have an absolute advantage. An absolute advantage is the ability to product a good or service using fewer resources than other producers use. In the United States, this situation occurs when one region of a country is more suited than another for producing certain pro ¬ducts. Florida can grow oranges using fewer resources than Iowa, where heated green ¬houses would be necessary. Iowa has vast, flat acreage and can produce corn much more efficiently than could Florida. Thus, Florida specializes in oranges while Iowa concentrates on com. and the products are exchanged through the marketplace. When each of two parties has an absolute advantage over the other in producing a particular good or service, it is easy for both to decide their areas of specialization. But what happens when one party can produce both goods and services more effi ¬ciently than a second party? Should the party with the absolute advantage produce both products for itself? Although this party has the advantage in producing cither good, it should specialize in producing the good in which it has a comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers facc. 1’his means lerting the other party produce the good in which it has the lower opportunity cost. Total output will be greater, and exchange will allow both parties to have both goods. Suppose a woman can make $100 per hour as a marketing consultant. Part of her work includes preparing reports for her clients. Suppose that in addition to being a first-class consultant, she is more efficient at word processing than anyone she might hire to key the reports. Thus, she might be able to key in one hour what it takes an assistant two hours to do. As a result, she reasons that, instead of hiring an assistant to do the work, she should do it herself. Is she right to do her own keying as well as consulting? If she docs her own keying, she still must take an hour each day from her consulting to do so. The opportunity cost of keying is the S100 she could have earned consulting. The opportunity cost of consulting is the S20 she must pay an assistant to key the reports. Therefore, if she hires an assistant, she can devote her hill time or consulting. I led gross earnings will be $ 100 greater per day. After paying the assistant $20 for two hours work, she will still have additional net income of $80 per day. Thus, the marketing consultant is bcucr-off specializing full time in the service for which she has the greater comparative advantage.

Indigenous Children in America and Education: Child Rights

Indigenous Children in America and Education: Child Rights Valeria Lozano Hernà ¡ndez. For starters, the meaning of indigenous people, for the UN, is the native people that lived in a place before someone else, and according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadà ­stica y Geografà ­a (INEGI, 2010) an indigenous person is defined by the language they speak, which takes out the others aspects, like identifying as indigenous, or having indigenous ancestors. The article 2 of the Mexican Constitution states that indigenous people have the right to self-determination, and the recognition of indigenous people and communities is on the constitutions and laws of the federative entities; and also indigenous people can decide on their owns economic, cultural, social and political organizations; tolerating their individual guarantees, human rights and the dignity and integrity of the womens (Secretarà ­a de Gobernacià ³n, 1917). For the sake of this essay, the meaning of indigenous is someone that identifies as one, that speaks one native language, has indigenous ancestors, and, as Martà ­nez Cobo said (1981, in United Nations, 2013) the determination to preserve, develop and transmit to futures generations their territories and ethnic identity. The amount of indigenous people in America has a high number, between North America, Central America and South America; there is approximately 552 indigenous groups across Latin America (UNICEF, 2016) and 39 million indigenous people in the continent (Programa Mà ©xico Nacià ³n Multicultural de la Universidad Autà ³noma de Mà ©xico, 2014). To talk about indigenous people in the continent its necessary to talk about the beginnings, for example, the Conquest of America, a lot of indigenous traditions were washed away, and America became a continent full of diversity, integrated by mixed culture, races and traditions. The indigenous were mistreated by the colonizers, either they were treated as slaves or killed, only a few could survive, but still, a lot of their traditions were erased or adapted to the new system. So thats the history of how indigenous became a vulnerable group. The countries that will be discussed in this essay are USA, Canada, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Chile, Argentina and Latin America as a whole. The topic of discussion is about indigenous children living in America, in terms of education, and how education is related to human rights bodies. Human Rights Bodies Human rights, to me, its a parameter that protects and enhance the human life qualities, also all humans are born equal and free, so all humans are entitled to have human rights. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), human rights are: Inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible (OHCHR, 1948). I will use the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Political Constitution of Mexico, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Declaration of the United Nations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the human rights bodies and references. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the most important document in terms of Human Rights, was created right after the end of World War II, on December 10th 1948, and a grand majority of the countries in the world signed the document. The background of the declaration was modelled on a few older documents, like the Habeas Corpus Act of England, the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence of USA, and the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen of France. The reason this document was created was so that the whole world had the same rights for the simple fact of being human, and since then, the declaration has been the most important declaration of Human Rights in the Planet, but still, a lot of countries dont follow their procedures or respect the rights stated in there. Education Education is very important, but unfortunately not every country has the priority to educate the people that lives in there. Not only education provides people with general knowledge, it also improves people skills and attitudes to guide and control many of their vital circumstances. It also provides a set of values, customs, traditions and norms (Perrenoud, 1996). Schools also educates about the moral and ethical norms, emotions, social and cultural diversity. Entering a school is not the hard part for the indigenous children, the hardest part is staying in there, according to Magaly Domà ­nguez Là ³pez (Rubio-Campos, 2014), an educator for a civil organization that works with child workers, manifested that indigenous kids in San Cristà ³bal de las Casas, Mà ©xico that the entry and permanence in schools gets difficult because of: Economics reasons, such as work over education, even if the schools are free, they still have to pay for the uniforms, school supplies, which makes it expensive. Gender inequality, its preferred that male kids study till middle school and the female kids to primary school, because its expected that girls should get married and stay at home. Generational gap, the kids get through their parents educational levels and theres no more educational escort, they don ´t know how to help them. Birth registry, not every kid is in the civil registration, so legally they dont exist, they cant go to school and also deprives the kids of other rights, such as the right to an identity. Language, schools in San Cristà ³bal de las Casas, teach in Spanish, and the grand majority speaks an indigenous lingo called tzotzil, so that causes troubles when it comes to learning and permanence in schools. For the mazahuas, also a Mexican native group, the child receives an education that makes him a member of his community and the community is obliged to provide him with a status in his structure and a place in the location of the resources (Robles, 2012). The article 19, The rights of the Child on the American Convention on Human Rights (1969), states that every minor child has the right to the measures of protection required by his condition as a minor on the part of his family, society and the state. Also, in Nicaragua, there is an educational lag, because the indigenous society faces more socioeconomics problems in comparison with the Nicaraguan population (Yoshioka Esparza, 2009) which makes me think, why there is such a big difference between the non-indigenous kids and the indigenous kids, and the reason behind that is that during the colonization of America, indigenous and black people were slaves, and were considered to be beneath the other population, like the half-blooded and nobles; so education wasn ´t a thing for them, because they were not allowed to have one, this problem has persecuted the indigenous until this day, when their governments dont help them with the education, and schools taught in other language that its not the first to them. In the same article, the author mentions that the mother education is a big factor regarding the life expectancy of their childrens and education, because shes the one that makes the decision about school. In Canada and the United State of America, the native people accentuate in community life, cooperation, collaboration and learning based on direct experience and participation in group activities (Pewewardy in Schugurensky, 2015). It is important that the kids feel part of the community, so in their early childhood they are taught and they are encouraged to get involved in community activities, learning thru the interaction between other kids and nature, helping the adults with work and community activities (Schuguresky, 2015). So that talks about on how the kids get involved and they feel theyre part of the community and theyre worth it, giving them a high sense of self-esteem, and also the work to keep their traditions, values and customs, by working with the community and other kids. Also in the USA and Canada, they were trying to educate childrens and teenagers how to eat, because of the country amount of people with overweight and obese people, but it wasnt successful (Araujo, Moraga, Chapman, Barreto Illanes, 2016); so in Central and South America, they are indigenous childrens starving and in North America, theyre too fat, which I found it sad, the contrast between countries and lifestyles. In Latin America, indigenous childrens school enrolment and the quality of the education has been improved over the last two decades, but still there is a lot of desertion and truancy in kids and teenagers, but mostly in the female population, and this population, after they get married, is the one that stays at home with the kids, so the people that is best educated in terms of health and nutrition take better care of themselves and their families, but because a high number of mothers are illiterate, a consequence of this is that their kids suffer from undernourishment. Other of the consequences of this, is that indigenous kids, in comparison with the rest of the population, have a higher risk of child mortality, poverty, malnutrition and hunger (Jimà ©nez-Benftez, Rodrà ­guez-Martà ­n Jimà ©nez-Rodrà ­guez, 2010). In Chile, with the mapuches, education means cultural knowledge and school knowledge, but also implies the recognition of the importance of social and emotional norms that can differ with their culture in the intercultural relations (Riquelme, Quilaqueo, Quintriqueo Loncà ³n, 2016). In relation with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 28, in which, the first statement talks about free education, and being careful with the attendance at schools, but in Mexico, is not like that, first of all, education it is free, but for all public schools is mandatory to wear an uniform, and if the students don ´t have the money to buy an uniform, they cannot enter the school until they get an uniform, so that violates their right to a free education, and the government does have a financial assistance, they give scholarships to the children to keep studying, but a lot of those childrens uses the money for stuff that are not school related or either his parents spend the money in other things. A lot of the children in Mexico, leave secondary school because sometimes the only title they need for work is a primary school diploma, so that encourage teenagers and kids to leave school. I, once met a ten year old indigenous kid that worked delivering food in his county, he had left school when he was eight because his mother told him so, and that education wasn ´t important. Also the fact that they teach in other language, so many of the children dont understand what the teachers say. The 7th article of La Ley General de Educacià ³n says that every native speaker will have an access to an education in spanish and in their own language (SEGOB, 2013). In Mà ©xico, education is a fundamental rights, and the 3rd article of the Mexican Constitution states that every person has the right to receive an education, and the state will provide free preschool, elementary, middle and high school, and that its required to have an education, so if the constitution says so, why theres a lot of kids dropping out of schools? Other fact that is being violated is section (e) of the 28th article on the childrens rights, the necessary measures are being taken, but none of them ensures the motivation for children to continue to study in schools, they rather leave school to start working and make money to give to their families. Regarding the section 3 of article 28th, of promoting education and the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy, theres a hole in there, Latin America has 40 million illiterates according to the Sistema de Informacià ³n de Tendencias Educativas en Amà ©rica Latina (2013), so children leaving school at such young age concludes in a lot of illiterate adults. Other articles that talk about education, like the article 29 in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and its very similar to article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), in which both establish that everyone has the right to education, education shall be free and directed to develop the childs personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential, and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and promoting understanding, tolerance, friendship, respect for their own cultural identity, language and values. These articles talk about free education and not leaving aside the ethnicity and identity of children, but as already mentioned, schools only teach in the official language of the country and not in the native indigenous language, in addition in Chile, children are taught that there are more cultures and that they must learn about interculturality and other parts of the general culture of their country that differ with their culture, which is the opposite of what the previously mentioned articles affirm, these articles say that children will be taught to respect their own culture, but not wanting to teach about it in schools, to me, that sounds like the culture of the non-indigenous people in Chile its more important than the indigenous. As mentioned above in Latin America, education has improved and there is more school attendance by indigenous people, but there are many women who leave school because its a cultural thing, because in many cultures women must stay at home and take care of children and the home, and many of them start from childhood and that makes me think, because it is something cultural, should we respect their decision to leave school, or we should we do something for women to attend school? I know that is very important to respect the culture of the indigenous people, but education is also a very important issue, and more because in Latin America there are so many illiterate. In Argentina, according to an interview with Gabriela Novaro by Kelly Russo (2016), for indigenous kids or indigenous immigrants, they have to quit their indigenous heritage, so they can be someone new, ceasing to be what they are for real and become something else. Sometimes, they think of indigenous people as only traditional knowledge, they stereotype them, and they dont realize that they can add tradition or folklore in schools. So that means that kids get to study but they have to forget everything about their own identities. Other social issue regarding education, is kids dropping out of schools to start to work, abusing the article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The article 14 of the Declaration of the United Nations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, states that all the children have the right to all levels and forms of education with no discrimination, and the indigenous people have the right to control all about their education, like systems and institutions and providing education in their own language (UN, 2007). Which makes sense to me, because theyre trying to keep the traditions and at the same time integrate the indigenous people. Conclusions To me, indigenous people are very important, Ive been working with them for years, I did four years of volunteer work with indigenous purà ©pechas children, and to have this kind of interaction with them, I could see how their organizations worked, which were their traditions, but at the same time I had the opportunity to see the bad stuff that happen with indigenous, the kids do attend school, but a lot of them told me that the teachers sometimes didnt showed up to the classes, or that they didnt do anything for days, but the vast majority of the kids that I met, they loved going to school, and the idea to go to college and became a teacher or doctor. It is an alarming fact that kids dont go to school because its expensive, or because they have to work to help with their family income, or because they dont understand what the teachers are saying in class, when supposedly they should have the classes in their own native language. Its alarming to me how a whole continent can have all of this problems, when a big part of the population is indigenous or native, they were there first, and now were washing or ignoring their traditions and costums. Still, education has improved the last few years, which is a good thing, but there is still a long way to get better education for indigenous children. So I guess to improve this, the governments of the countries should help the children with the materials and uniforms for the school, and Human Rights bodies and organizations should keep an eye to this. Also, I found very important to have an inclusive education, that every school should teach about indigenous heritage and traditions, I know that its hard because theres a lot of indigenous groups across the continent, but at least we can acknowledge them in school. The document about indigenous people written by the United Nations, has a lot of similar articles to the 2nd article of the Mexican Constitution, in which, both states, that indigenous people are free to educate their children the way they want it, which makes me think, in how that could be a better option, because their families will taught them about traditions, values and community life, without leaving behind everything that represents them, and in school, they leave behind that, I mean, its a conflict of interest, because we want them to have a normal public education, but we leave behind everything that they are, and if they leave everything theyre behind, they will become part of the society, but they will lose all that heritage and traditions. Its nothing new to talk about child obesity in the USA, kids learn from their parents; Ive been in the USA many times, and Ive seen how the americans eat, they have this fast-food culture, and the kids pick up that culture, theres a lot of children in the USA dealing with diabetes, and that has a lot to do with education, because parents and schools are teaching their childrens how to eat; and the nutrition of the kids is very important, because it can have a lot of repercussions in their health in their adult life.

Effect Of Tension On Resonance And Amplitude :: Papers

Effect Of Tension On Resonance And Amplitude PLANNING Aim The aim of the experiment is to investigate the effect of tension on resonance and amplitude of a string. Basis Personal Knowledge This experiment is based on the resonance, frequency and amplitude. From what I have learnt in class and everyday life, I know that when a string of any kind is plucked, it moves to and fro. The movement causes the air molecules around it to vibrate. When it moves fast enough, the vibrations cause a sound to be heard. Research Some research was carried out into the principles on which the experiment is based. The frequency of an oscillation is defined as the number of cycles executed per unit time (Salters Horners Advanced Physics) That is for a spring the time taken for it to move to and fro once is its frequency. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). Each object has its own natural frequency. (Physics For You by Keith Johnson). Resonance occurs when the applied frequency equals the natural frequency of the object. Therefore when the string to be used in the experiment is plucked and the applied frequency equals its natural frequency then resonance occurs. The resonant frequency of a string can be increased by: * Shortening the length * Increasing the tension * Using a lighter string Variables and Constants The experiment is basically concerned with the effect that the tension will have on the frequency and amplitude. Therefore, the basic variable will be the tension of the string. The constant in this case would be the thickness of the string, as it will not be changed. This should ensure that the experiment is fairly accurate as its thickness can affect the resonance. Application of Principles The principles of frequency, resonance and amplitude are largely applied in many engineering projects. The understanding of the above principle is vital to ensure that bridges are safe to travel on.

History of Ramayana

Ramayana is true, if you have read it you can easily make out that it just can't be a mere work of imagination. All the incidents, places and events seems natural. Nothing seems to be false. When britishers captured India some 150 yrs. ago, they rumoured it to be false and then some britishers who didn't had any firm Hindu background just declared it to be a myth. Conclusion: IT IS TRUE Religions Background of Ramayana Hindu religious literature is the large body of traditional narratives related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and the Puranas. As such, it is a subset of Indian culture. Role in Hinduism The Ramayana is extremely popular. India nearly shut down when a dramatized series of the Ramayana appeared on television in the 1980s. Recitation of the Ramayana earns great merit. Rama and Sita are seen as the ideal married couple. In North India, the Ramayana is acted out in the annual pageant Ram-Lila. It was a favourite subject of Rajasthani and Pahari painters of the 17th and 18th centuries. Gandhi called it the greatest book in the world. Tulsi Das, medieval author of the Hindi translation, said, â€Å"Whenever I remember Rama's name, the desert of my heart blooms lush and green.† Comparison between Iliad, & Ramayana -Ramayana A virtuous king named Rama is banished to the forest, where he has many adventures, and then he rescues his wife Sita from the evil king of Sri Lanka with the help of his friends. – -Homer’s The Iliad The gods of ancient Greece, most of whom were adopted by the ancient Romans, were generally described as human in form, unaging, nearly immune to all wounds and sickness, capable of becoming invisible, able to travel vast distances almost instantly, and able to speak through human beings with or without their knowledge. In Greek mythology, the gods were presented as a large, multi-generational family, the oldest members of which created the world as we know it. Each Greco-Roman divinity has his or her own specific appearance, genaeology, interests, personality, and area of expertise, subject to significant local variants. When the gods were called upon in poetry or prayer, they were referred to by a combination of their name and epithets, the latter serving to distinguish them from other gods. Theme of Ramayana The age-old battle between virtue and vice is the main theme of the Indian epic Ramayana. It is the life story and message of SreeRaaman, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu who took human form in this world to tame the wicked. This great literary and religious classic is a traditional mind cleanser even the touching of which is considered sacred. However, it is also a tale of the Aryan war race. In Indian history, the theme of Ramayana is the biography of king Sri Ramachandra is Called Ramayan. Ram is Sri Ramchandra and ayan means the story. The other theme of Ramayana is – â€Å"The good (Lord Rama) vanquishes the evil (Ravana)†. In India the festival, Dussehra is based on the central theme of Ramayana.

Queen vs. Dudley and Stephens

Regina v. Dudley and Stephens There have been many criminal cases in the history, which brought controversy, whether murder could be justified under different circumstances. One of the famous cases tells a story of four shipwrecked men, which were lost in the high seas. The story was named â€Å"The Lifeboat Case†, regarding the tragic and life-changing decision that was made in extreme circumstance. Four seamen, Thomas Dudley, Edward Stephens, Brooks and seventeen year old Richard Parker were in high seas and due to the storm that hit them very bad, they had to put themselves into an open boat.They did not have any supply of water and food, except 1 lb. tin of turnips. On the fourth day of this journey, they caught a small turtle and it lasted them for few days. After the turtle was completely consumed, they spent eight more days in hunger. On twentieth day of being in the state of prostration, Dudley and Stephens spoke to Brooks as to what should be done if there will be no help. Dudley suggested that one of them should sacrifice his life to save the rest and offered to draw lots in order to pick one.Since Brooks refused to consent and as three seamen, except the boy spoke about their families, Dudley proposed to kill the Parker, since he had no family and the fact that he would die soon anyway, because he was the weakest and he was drinking sea water. Although, Brooks dissented from the crime, with the agreement of Stephens and Dudley, the act was done on July 25th. With the prayer to forgive them, Dudley came up to helpless Richard Parker and telling him that his time has come, put the knife on his throat and killed him.After eating Richard’s body and drinking his blood for four days, the seamen were picked up by a passing ship. The rescuers carried them to the port of Falmouth and they were committed for trial at Exeter. They spent all the time from that day till the court in prison. Since it was very rare case, involving the law of the sea a nd extreme necessity, it was hard to pronounce judgment. Nobody knows if they would survive till the rescuers, hadn’t they not eaten the boy. They could have died from starvation. And Parker in his weak condition would most likely die also.Jurors at the trial were ignorant and they would agree with whatever the court’s decision will be. However, due to the complication of the case, the court was rescheduled to December 4th to be argued before a Court consisting of 5 judges. Regardless of an attorney A. Collins’ objections, saying that it was not a homicide, but a self-preserving act upon the great necessity, prisoner Dudley and Stephens were sentenced to death because, the facts that were presented to the jury, including Parker’s left body parts were horrifying and there is no such necessity that allows one to take another person’s life.However, the death sentence was commuted by Crown to six moth imprisonment. Unfavorable and at the same time trag ic story of â€Å"Dudley and Stephens† begs some questions and requires details, which will be clarified below with the help of some research and articles. While reading the case story, a lot of details seem to be missing and Andreas Teuber, The Professor of Philosophy of Law at Brandeis University proposed a very thorough research with a lot of necessary information, called â€Å"The Mignonette, 1884 Queen v. Dudley†.According to Teuber, the name of the ship was â€Å"The Mignonette† and the owner was a wealthy Australian barrister, who decided to hire a crew to sail his yacht, instead of sending it as a deck cargo since the condition of the ship was not the sturdiest. †He hired Thomas Dudley as a captain, and Dudley recruited Edwin Stephens as mate, Edmund Brooks as able seamen, and seventeen year old boy, Richard Parker, as ordinary seamen† (people. brandeis. edu). Teuber states in his work. The initial reason for the men being on the high seas wa s the fact that they were hired as a crew to sail the ship to Sydney, Australia.Even though, they expected a nice weather in May, soon enough it turned foul and a heavy wave hit the ship, crushing it. As the ship started to sink, men barely managed to get into a lifeboat and by the time they were trying to save their lives, all of supplies of water and food were gone. Professor Teuber clarifies it, saying: â€Å"Unfortunately, the emergency supply of water that they had hastily thrown overboard next to the dinghy was swept away by the waves† (people. brandeis. edu). Since Teuber acknowledged that Dudley was the captain of the ship, it might also be the reason of why all decisions were made by Dudley.He might have felt himself responsible for men’s life and tried to save as much as he could, by sacrificing one. One of the details Teuber mentioned was that the rest of seamen were rescued by a German boat, called â€Å"Montezuma†, which was heading home from South America. As soon as they delivered men to Falmouth and started questioning them, it was clear that they have committed a crime. However, Brook’s name wasn’t mentioned as one of the prisoners throughout the story. And Teuber reveals the reason, saying:†The upright Dudley immediately insisted that he was the ringleader and that Brooks was completely innocent† (people. randeis. edu). So that’s why Brooks played as a prosecution’s witness. The most remarkable situation in this case, was the peace between Dudley and the Richard’s brother Daniel Parker. He even came to court and shook Dudley’s hand. By the way, the initials C. J stand for Chief Justice Lord Coleridge who refused to recognize the prisoners’ case as necessity act. Information that seems to be the most curious for everyone is how those three seamen did live their lives after committing such an act of cannibalism.According to Professor Teuber, Brooks went back to th e sea, Stephens supported himself doing odd jobs and Dudley immigrated to Sydney, Australia. He was taking big amounts of opium in order to relieve himself from painful memories and died from bubonic plague in 1900. One of the sources, that provide a reliable details regarding the â€Å"Dudley and Stephens† case is a Canadian online Law Press magazine and a legal information website www. duhaime. org. One of the founding partners of â€Å"Duhaime Law† Lloyd Duhaime wrote an article called â€Å"Cannibalism on the High Seas: the Common Law’s Perfect Storm†.Duhaime, a lawyer with 26 years of experience, reports the exact location where the homicide act happened as he states: â€Å"Suddenly, the four men were crowded in a small dinghy, lost in the middle of the South Atlantic, at latitude 27 degrees 10 south and longitude 9 degrees 50 West: 1600 miles for Cape of Good Hope, 2000 from South America† (www. duhaime. org). One of the things Duhaime declar es is Dudley’s harrowing confession words which sound like this: â€Å"I then put my knife into the side of the neck.The blood spurted out, and we caught it in the bailer and we drank the blood while it was warm; we then stripped the body, cut it open, and took out his liver and heart, and we ate the liver while it was still warm† (www. duhaime. org). But besides his confession, existing human flesh under his fingernails was enough evidence. In addition, Duhaime states some information on seamen’s further life after the trial ended. According to him, â€Å"Brooks died in 1919; Edwin Stephens buried the Parker affair with alcohol and died in 1914†.According to A. W. Brian Simpson’s â€Å"A Victorian Yachting Tragedy† book, the main role in commuting six month imprisonment was played by young Queen Victoria and Sir William Harcourt, a home secretary at the time. Apparently, strict death sentence was the only solution for murder crimes in 1884. According to the book, Sir William and Queen Victoria had some misunderstandings and a different opinion over previous few cases, but since The Queen was preoccupied with the fate of her idol General Gordon, Mr. Harcourt was responsible for the case.Lewis Harcourt, a son and the private secretary of Sir William, strongly argued about short sentence only and while he was away shooting, Sir William announced the decision which was approved by Queen. As a result, the author of â€Å"A Victorian Yachting Tragedy†, Mr. Simpson grants: â€Å"On December 12 it was decided that the sentence be commuted to six moth imprisonment, not at hard labor, to be dated from December 4, the date of judgment against them not sentence. † (A. W Brian Simpson 247). However, Phillipa Dudley was not happy with the decision and expected her husband home sooner and there were talks later on releasing Thomas earlier.Moreover, Simpson provides an information on missing initials of A. G and Q. C, w here A. G stands for Attorney General Sir Henry James and Q. C stands for Queen’s Counsel. According to book â€Å"Plutarch’s Lives: The translation called Dryden’s Volume 4†, the meaning of phrase â€Å"Necesse est ut eam, non ut vivam†, is â€Å"There was a necessity to sail, but no necessity to live† (Plutarch, John Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough 561). Meanwhile, â€Å"So spake the Fiend, and with necessity, The Tyrant’s plea, excused his devilish deeds† was taken from John Milton’s poem in â€Å"Paradise Lost† book.It this specific case it does not mean that the act was devilish; however, it would appear that necessity was the excuse. Overall, research clarified a lot of things in this controversial case. There were many horrifying detailed accounts, such as Parker’s eaten body parts or as amusing and heart-breaking information as peace between Dudley and Parker’s brother. Moreover, the fact that in those years murder crimes were punished by death sentence and the court made an exception due to the nature of situation makes it one of the famous criminal law cases.Work Cited: 1. Andreas, Teuber. â€Å"Philosophy of Law Had-Out Page†. Brandeis University. 5 Feb. 2004: Web. 18 March, 2013. 2. Lloyd, Duhaime. â€Å"Cannibalism on the High Seas: the Common Law’s Perfect Storm. www. duhaime. org. 20 Aug. 2011: Web. 18 March, 2013. 3. A. W. Brian, Simpson. â€Å"Cannibalism and Common Law: A Victorian Yachting Tragedy†. â€Å"The Hambledon Press†. 1994. 18 March, 2013 4. Plutarch, John Dryden, Arthur Hugh. â€Å"Plutarch’s Lives: The translation called Dryden’s Volume 4†. â€Å"Little, Brown and Company†. Boston. 1884. 18 March, 2013

The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy

The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy The Toltec Civilization dominated central Mexico from about 900 - 1150 A.D. from their home city of Tollan (Tula). The Toltecs were mighty warriors who spread the cult of their greatest god, Quetzalcoatl, to the far corners of Mesoamerica. Evidence at Tula suggests that the Toltecs had a trade network and received goods from as far away as the Pacific coast and Central America, either through trade or tribute. The Toltecs and the Postclassic Period The Toltecs were not the first Mesoamerican civilization to have a trade network. The Maya were dedicated merchants whose trade routes reached far from their Yucatan homeland, and even the ancient Olmec - the mother culture of all of Mesoamerica - traded with their neighbors. The mighty Teotihuacan culture, which was pre-eminent in central Mexico from about 200-750 A.D., had an extensive trade network. By the time the Toltec culture reached prominence, military conquest and subjugation of vassal states were on the rise at the expense of trade, but even wars and conquest stimulated cultural exchanges. Tula as a Center of Trade It is difficult to make observations about the ancient Toltec city of Tollan (Tula) because the city was extensively looted, first by the Mexica (Aztecs) before the arrival of the Europeans, and then by the Spanish. Proof of extensive trade networks may have therefore been carried off long ago. For example, although ​jade was one of the most important trade materials in ancient Mesoamerica, only one jade piece has been found at Tula. Nevertheless, archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified pottery from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Campeche and Guatemala at Tula, and found potsherds traced to the Veracruz region. Shells from the Atlantic and Pacific have also been excavated at Tula. Surprisingly, the Fine Orange pottery associated with the contemporary Totonac culture has not been found at Tula. Quetzalcoatl, God of Merchants As the major deity of the Toltecs, Quetzalcoatl wore many hats. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl - Ehà ©catl, he was the god of wind, and as Quetzalcoatl - Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he was the bellicose God of the Morning Star. The Aztecs venerated Quetzalcoatl as (among other things) the god of merchants: the post-conquest Ramirez Codex mentions a feast dedicated to the god by traders. The principal Aztec god of trade, Yacatechutli, has been traced to earlier roots as a manifestation of either Tezcatlipoca or Quetzalcoatl, both of whom were worshiped at Tula. Given the Toltecs fanatical devotion to Quetzalcoatl and that gods later association with the merchant class by the Aztecs (who themselves regarded the Toltecs as the apogee of civilization), it is not unreasonable to surmise that trade played an important role in Toltec society. Trade and Tribute The historical record seems to suggest that Tula did not produce much in the way of trade goods. A great deal of utilitarian Mazapan-style pottery has been found there, suggesting that Tula was, or was not far from, a place that produced it. They also produced stoneware bowls, cotton textiles, and items fashioned from obsidian, such as blades. Bernardino de Sahagà ºn, a colonial era chronicler, claimed that the people of Tollan were skilled metalworkers, but no metal not of later Aztec origin has been found at Tula. It is possible that the Toltecs dealt in more perishable items like food, cloth or woven reeds which would have deteriorated with time. The Toltec did have significant agriculture and possibly exported part of their crops. In addition, they had access to a rare green obsidian found near present-day Pachuca. There is the possibility that the warlike Toltecs produced relatively little themselves, instead relying on conquered vassal states to send them goods as tribute. Tula and the Gulf Coast Traders Toltec scholar Nigel Davies believed that during the Postclassic era trade was dominated by the different cultures of Mexicos Gulf Coast, where mighty civilizations had risen and fallen since the days of the ancient Olmec. During Teotihuacns age of dominance, shortly before the rise of the Toltecs, the gulf coast cultures had been an important force in Mesoamerican commerce, and Davies believes that the combination of Tulas location in the center of Mexico, their low production of trade goods, and their reliance on tribute over commerce placed the Toltecs at the fringes of Mesoamerican trade at the time (Davies, 284). Sources: Charles River Editors. The History and Culture of the Toltec. Lexington: Charles River Editors, 2014. Cobean, Robert H., Elizabeth Jimà ©nez Garcà ­a and Alba Guadalupe Mastache. Tula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012. Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Davies, Nigel. The Toltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

Trench warfare Essay Example

Trench warfare Essay Example Trench warfare Essay Trench warfare Essay Warfare World War I was one of the most historic wars in United States history. The war was mostly fought In France or Germany. What sparked the start of the war was the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand. There were 65 million men from 30 countries flatting In the war and there were over 35 million casualties. Trench Warfare was one of the many ways used to fight In World War I. The method of fighting was to have trenches, and other enemys would also have trenches across the plains. They would each try, and do little raids on their enemys. The ranches were a tough place to live, sleep, eat, and battle in. Trench life was brutal, you would have to sleep underground on the rock solid ground. The soldiers would put their coat over them as that was the only thing they had to keep them warm. If it rained outside they would have to deal with sleeping in puddles with rats, frogs, and beetles. The dugout was a small room where the commander or soldiers slept in. They would even sometimes have to take turns on who gets to sleep because one person had to keep guard for enemy attacks. Overall sleeping in trenches was not a UN time for any soldiers during the war. There was always a dally routine that the soldiers had to do even If there wasnt an attack. The routine would start with a stand to. At this time all the sleeping soldiers were woken up. They would grab a gun or a weapon and get ready for morning raids. After the stand to the soldiers would have breakfast and clean the weapons. After breakfast, there would be an inspection to make sure the guns are clean and their clothes are too. They would also check their feet for trench foot. All the men that werent fighting had chores to do like fill sandbags and repair the ranches. After they were done with their chores for the day they were free until next task. It was very boring and they would have a lot of free time. They would write a note back to their loved ones and tell them they are alive. Another thing is clean their weapons and clothing. Also they would play games Like cards. This Is also the time to start and cook their own meals. They would have one more stand to at night time with the same routine. Some weapons they used were flame throwers and mustard gas. The Germans started to use flame throwers in the asses. They had a huge range of 40 meters so hat made them a great trench warfare weapon. Mustard gas was also a deadly type of weapon in WWW as enemies used them to raid. They would throw in a gas bomb. The soldiers that threw it, were equipped with gas masks so they were able to walk right in and fire. Sadly, the soldiers inside were not and there were many casualties from gas and flame throwers. Deaths were also very normal in the Great War. Soldiers would always be losing friends. There were many ways a soldier could die in the trenches. When the soldiers looked over the parapet they would have a high risk of getting sniped by the enemy. The last thing was death from all types of disease Like trench foot. The soldiers not only had to deal with enemies that were human, but also with rats and other manias and insects. Rats in packs of millions infested the trenches. I nerve were two types AT rats, Dalai Ana Drown. I en rats love t trenches. They would eat the dead soldiers eyes and livers. After they would feast on human flesh they would go and scavenge food from the soldiers. This would cause many deaths as the rats would put diseases into the food they ate. Some rats loud grow to be the size of a cat on how much they ate. The soldiers in the trenches were scared of the rats. They would use any method to kill the beasts. A couple things they used was the bayonet on their gun, shooting or smacking them with their guns. One rat in the trench can produce up to 900 offspring in a year. Rats werent the only scare in the trenches. Lice was a normal thing in the trenches. Up to 95% of the soldiers living in the trench had some case of lice. There was body lice, which would have lice on them from being so dirty, and those lice would plant eggs. There was also head lice. Men chose shaving their heads to not have to deal with lice. Lice not only itched but caused Trench Fever, it was a deadly disease, it was pain that was followed by a very high fever. Other ensconces are frogs, slugs, and beetles. Another terrible thing that the soldiers had to deal with was the horrible smell. There were many things that caused the trenches to smell as bad as they did. The rotting flesh of dead soldiers would make the trenches reek. Sometimes the men would die, and their dead bodies werent found quickly so they would sink into the du and rot. Also, Just the stench of common humans that did not have the luxury of taking a bath. Also, the smell of dried up sweat and cigarette smoke added to the stench. There was a constant smell of strong cleaning supplies as the men would try to rid themselves of diseases. Last, but not least the smell of battle, the odor of gases and gun smoke were everywhere. The United States started to Join the war in 1917. It took them about another year to get all their supplies and troops over there. Therefore, the Americans were not really involved in trench warfare. Trench warfare really didnt affect the Americans battle style or their battle involvement. It was not a big thing that happened that got them all roused up and wanting to strike. The warfare did have a little bit of an affect on the homestead. Woman would take over the menus Jobs to pay for expenses. People from all over the country would pitch in and send food to Americans fighting in the war and in trenches. African Americans would move up to get new Job opportunities as all the soldiers and men in the country were at war. In 1917 they were not only using volunteer soldiers anymore. They needed more men to fight over in Europe and they would get them from back at the home-front. Thats why they did a military draft. During one year of the draft nearly 24 million men entered the army and 3 million went into the war. The United States food administration went under a huge change. They wanted everyone to farm so they could send food to the soldiers. They wanted regular families to grow victory gardens in their backyard. Women were taking all menus Jobs for the first time ever in American history. They would be working on the assembly lines, producing weapons, and munitions. For the iris time ever stores were hiring African Americans in their stores. The women really favored the draft because that gave them opportunities to be all they can be. For once they could do all the Jobs the men could and not Just be waitresses and caterer cents. Some women Colane In to Nell Walt meal problems. Back on the battlefield, some soldiers would even kill themselves so they would not have to endure the terrible living conditions of the trenches. Others would run out on the battlefield on purpose to get sniped by enemy. A soldiers trench life would consist of a week in the front trench. Then they would get moved to a week in the support trench, which followed by a third week in a reserve trench. In the reserve trench the soldiers could rest and do what they want. They could play sports and card games. If they wanted to they could write letters to their family back in America and cook dinner for themselves. The trenches had many main causes of how they came to be. One is the Germans in 1914, planned to invade France with the Schlemiels Plan. When the Germans came close they were tired and retreated. They dug trenches to protect themselves. When the enemy forces tried to pass and invade they would be killed instantly by machine guns and all types of gases. The trenches were so well hidden and underground so the human eye could barely see them. Because of the trench warfare, the war slowed down a lot. Trench warfare affected many lives of countries nationwide. It was a good war tactic and helped countries military a lot. Although there was many casualties in the war and the trenches brought many diseases, World War I will always go down in history to be a very important war, fought worldwide.

Human resource management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resource management - Assignment Example Management functions can affect the performance of a business and the main intention of HRM is to raise awareness among employees like how poor management can influence the overall performance ultimately. Employee engagement is one of the highly pursued trends in the business world presently and more and more organizations today are seen making their living by assessing employee management in order to show it to their clients later on. It is defined as â€Å"as a combination of commitment to the organisation and its values and a willingness to help out colleagues (organisational citizenship). It goes beyond job satisfaction and is not simply motivation† (CIPD, 2011). Though, increased employee engagement is a useful measure by which more clients could be gathered, there are also doubts that employees, at large, would call this another HR thing which may be fake and not so beneficial in long-term context. Actually, employee management is not a fake issue but a whole new knowled ge domain by which HR executives can help raise an organization to a higher place in the market. Employee engagement is judged by the level of five kinds of roles existing within an organization. Describing these five roles holds huge importance before critically evaluating the role played by HR executives in achieving employee engagement. Employees may just remain self-involved and do only what is required of them, while there may also be employees who go out of their way to help the organization even if their jobs do not require them to do so. Some employees may also be engaged to the point that they play an entrepreneur role by presenting one after another new creative idea and help their fellow members for moving towards common goals. Now, HR executives can play a role in achieving employee engagement by removing barriers to work and consequently, transforming the organizations into places where every employee will come to work and act in a more engaged manner. Employees are in a highly engaged state when they are found doing the non-job roles and HR executives can bring the employees near this state by compelling the managers to converse more often with their employees because it is the managers ultimately who can make engagement happen (Welbourne, 2003). The idea of a high performing CSR (corporate social responsibility) organization can never be fulfilled without raising the level of employee engagement. Now, HR executives have a key role to play to strengthen employee commitment and engagement. Employee engagement is majorly raised by the HR executives by unlocking human potential and by inducing the managers to motivate their employees so that they may feel more motivated to present their innovative ides for the betterment of the organization (Strandberg, 2009). If HR executives fail in talking the managers into motivating their employees by blending with them, credibility of an organization is seriously damaged because employees are not engaged at an y level (Mees & Bonham, cited in Strandberg, 2009). HR executives have the full benefit of playing an instrumental role in helping the organizations raise their respective levels of employee engagement. Actually, employee engagement does not involve HRM alone, rather it involves everyone

Competing Through Marketing ''Managing Information '' Assignment

Competing Through Marketing ''Managing Information '' - Assignment Example The most important question that business managers and owners should try to answer is what they need in order to effectively manage the data, internet resources, software and hardware, so as to ensure that they are efficiently used for the success strategies of the business. E-business refers to the application and uses of information systems in order to support and drive the processes of a business, mostly by use of web technologies. According to Amor (1999), e-business allows businesses to link their external and internal processes more effectively and efficiently and closely work with their partners thus satisfying their expectation and needs of their customers thus increasing the overall business performance. There are many types of internet technologies that are specifically designed to help businesses not to work harder but smarter (Sachenko, 2009). These tools include mobile, wireless technology and collaboration tools, social media and customer relationship management among o thers. Strategic /Problem Analysis The business under focus is a small high quality restaurant that uses very basic computer facilities. Therefore, most of the business operations like advertising, supplying and orders are done the traditional way. For example, to receive quality supplies, they have to order by writing a delivery order, and advertisements are done through posters and over the radio and television. Though this is a high quality restaurant, the number of customers it receives every day is so small that it cannot meet its targeted profits. It is therefore important for business owners and managers to understand the importance of application and use of electronic information systems, so that they can reduce on high costs and conveniently increase profits by working smarter. The strategic objective of this restaurant owner is to increase profits as well meeting the expectations of their customers, which is something they rarely achieve. The business has been incurring he avy losses due to the high travel and communication costs as well as few customers, who cannot help reach the desired goals. If the management of this restaurant can switch on to e-business, such losses can be greatly reduced and customers can increase as a result of e-advertising, which is now the most accessible to prospective customers, who are seeking high quality services for example foreign tourists. The following are the benefits that the restaurant is likely to achieve by effectively switching into e-business. Benefits of – Business E-business helps to increase workforce productivity by helping the user in locating and viewing information faster, as well as application of important roles (National B2B Centre Limited 2007). Web browser can help the restaurant owners to retrieve data stored in the data base at any time from anywhere, but with security provisions like encryption and use of passwords (University of Pittsburgh, 2003), thus keeping them updated on business operations. This helps them take necessary precautions and measure that the business requires at the right time, thus improving their performance. It also helps customers to receive the best services from the restaurant as managers are able to fast access useful information that ensure efficient services. E-business will also help the restaurants owners to save time and money as they reduce on travelling and communication

MILITARY TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN WWII AND THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM Essay

MILITARY TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN WWII AND THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM - Essay Example There have been several changes in technological, political and socio-economic arena during 19th and 20th centuries. The management strategies of all the governments in different governing bodies also undergone modifications. US military has also undergone significant transformation in these two centuries in general and post World War II period in particular (Flinor Sloan, 2008). The transformation is a continuous process and it will under go more so in future too. Based on the nature of challenges and foreign policies of other nations, US military transformation would develop its style. Earlier, the issue was World War II and several other nations were under colonial control of few nations, hence its strategies were different. However, with reduction in need for world wars and due to concentration on other economic issues, significant transformation occurred in recent years. The major challenge before all nations including US is terrorism. Military forces have to apply different app roach to tackle this deadly menace. At the same time, US military alone can’t tackle this challenge and it requires strong cooperation and coordination from other nations. Hence this necessitated the strong transformation of US military since World War II. The present essay examines the nature of transformation of US military, reasons for its transformation, various components of its transformation and future options. As discussed earlier, with the change in socio-political scenarios in USA and the remaining world, the priorities and objectives of US military witnessed a clear transformation. Hence it can be mentioned that socio-economic structural changes are one of the main reasons for significant transformation in US military since World War II period. The growing extent of global terrorism in the recent years led to change in US military style and structure. Especially after the attack of World Trade Centre in New

Holistic Health Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Holistic Health Resources - Essay Example s website, emotional wellness, it is determined by the ability of an individual to be aware and accepting of his or her own feelings, as well as stress management skills. She works with the Idea Health and Fitness Association, which gives information based on thorough research and ensures it is up to date. This depends on how positive they are about their life. The intellectual wellness is an individual’s ability to be a rational thinker; to have a greater understanding of things and have creativity within them (Applebaum). On another website NetWellness center, which is a non-profit global community service, the physical wellness involves the ability of an individual to participate in different sorts of exercises that determine the strength of their muscles and the health of their heart. The social wellness of an individual is determined by their ability to create and maintain healthy relationships. Spiritual wellness, on the other hand, refers to how much are they willing to seek meaning and the purpose of their existence. It involves the development of personal principles (Fitzwater). Vocational Wellness refers to the accomplishment of personal and career goals. As a result, the individual is motivated by goals. Forever-active is also a fitness and wellness center that is dedicated to improving people’s health. In relation to information provided on the website, the main points emphasize that the six dimensions are important, because they enable an individual to be focused, confident and make decisions based on correct moral grounds. When people master the art of achieving the requirements of the six dimensions of wellness, then they are able to live fulfilling lives

Analyze lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyze lesson plan - Essay Example Banks, financial institutions and even corporations are turning out schemes aimed at children to boost their saving habits and business acumen. Parents and schools must take advantage of these schemes as part of their curriculum. These help the child understand facts and figures better, edifying his mental capacity. (Britannia Building Society). By and large, the 8th grade students fall into the age group of 12-14 years. Except for a small percentage of say ten percent each of the brilliant students and students with learning disabilities, the larger segment of students comprise the normal, average pupils for whom learning is routine and sometimes even a bane. Nevertheless, these normal, average students have no major problem putting in the right amount of efforts to secure good, respectable results. The only possibility of something going wrong is when either something or someone becomes cause for negative attitudes to set in. In such cases, mathematics becomes the first subject to become casualty because it requires a great deal of positive concentration on the part of the student. That is why children with emotional problems face difficulties in comprehending mathematical problems. The problem could be quickly and effectively remedied by a considerate teacher through counseling and care. 8th graders as traders and bankers The concept of budget planning, interest, and percentage may appear meaningless and abstract unless it is bound together with the relative important aspects of savings and responsible spending. The student may quickly bond with the concept if it is conveyed as something personally relevant and important to him. Otherwise, she or he may dismiss it as something applicable only to traders and bankers. They may not feel the significance of building a good foundation by grasping this concept. Moreover, the responsibility for parents and teachers to inculcate principled spending habits on their children has increased with the modern day marketing trends to attract young people. (Madhu T). Use of illustrations and methods The 8th graders are on the threshold of the business world where integers, decimals and fractions are part of daily lives. The concept of budget planning, interest, and percentage follow the backdrop of integers, decimals, fractions, whole and natural numbers among other concepts and theories such as geometry. Illustrations, methods of problem solving and practice are the normal means of understanding mathematics. Examples The introduction of budget planning, interest and percentage will make sense to the students if it is done as a concept of daily use in homes and companies. Children will quickly realize what the concept is all about if the teacher explains the way parents run households. From there, the concept must be applied to how traders and businessmen run their trade. Solutions to elementary percentages involving whole numbers, decimals and fractions must be taught and enough problems given to student for practice so that they are thoroughly conversant with the uses and

Discuss the development of Chinese tea art from the Tang dynasty until Essay

Discuss the development of Chinese tea art from the Tang dynasty until recent times in China or overseas - Essay Example Despite the increasing market share of modern drinks such as soft drinks and alcohol drinks, tea has never lost its popularity, especially in recent years, when people are increasingly aware of the importance of organic foods and drinks, tea is being considered one of the most natural and healthy drinks which is promoted by more and more people around the world† (Wang 2011, p. 13). At the beginning tea was used for phytotherapy and mainly on the territory of churches. Monks started drinking tea because they liked its sedative effect and also to demonstrate the respect for nature. Chinese tea ceremony was also born as a result of respect for nature and the necessity of peace and was held as a part of religious ceremonies. The interesting fact is that for many centuries the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism were mixed in the magic Chinese tea ceremony. Later Chinese people learned to value the pleasure they received from tea-drinking and its social meaning. Tea ce remony has turned from a religious ritual into the important part of social, cultural and traditional events (Baldwin et al, 2006). Chinese people has enjoyed tea-drinking for more than 4000 years. According to the legend, Yan Di, one of the three ancient rulers, tasted all the kinds of herbage to find methods of treatment. Once, when he was poisoned by some kind of herbage, the drop of water from manuka appeared in his mouth and saved him. Tea was applied as a medicine for long. During the rule of Chow dynasty it had religious status. In spring and in autumn people ate the leaves of manuka instead of vegetables (Wang, 2000). With the popularization of Buddhism in Northern and Southern dynasty, its dewy effect was used by monks for meditation. Tea as a drink was thriving during the rule of Tang dynasty and became a popular product in shops. The appearance of a book about tea became one of the most important events of this

Holistic Health Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Holistic Health Resources - Essay Example s website, emotional wellness, it is determined by the ability of an individual to be aware and accepting of his or her own feelings, as well as stress management skills. She works with the Idea Health and Fitness Association, which gives information based on thorough research and ensures it is up to date. This depends on how positive they are about their life. The intellectual wellness is an individual’s ability to be a rational thinker; to have a greater understanding of things and have creativity within them (Applebaum). On another website NetWellness center, which is a non-profit global community service, the physical wellness involves the ability of an individual to participate in different sorts of exercises that determine the strength of their muscles and the health of their heart. The social wellness of an individual is determined by their ability to create and maintain healthy relationships. Spiritual wellness, on the other hand, refers to how much are they willing to seek meaning and the purpose of their existence. It involves the development of personal principles (Fitzwater). Vocational Wellness refers to the accomplishment of personal and career goals. As a result, the individual is motivated by goals. Forever-active is also a fitness and wellness center that is dedicated to improving people’s health. In relation to information provided on the website, the main points emphasize that the six dimensions are important, because they enable an individual to be focused, confident and make decisions based on correct moral grounds. When people master the art of achieving the requirements of the six dimensions of wellness, then they are able to live fulfilling lives

Discuss the development of Chinese tea art from the Tang dynasty until Essay

Discuss the development of Chinese tea art from the Tang dynasty until recent times in China or overseas - Essay Example Despite the increasing market share of modern drinks such as soft drinks and alcohol drinks, tea has never lost its popularity, especially in recent years, when people are increasingly aware of the importance of organic foods and drinks, tea is being considered one of the most natural and healthy drinks which is promoted by more and more people around the world† (Wang 2011, p. 13). At the beginning tea was used for phytotherapy and mainly on the territory of churches. Monks started drinking tea because they liked its sedative effect and also to demonstrate the respect for nature. Chinese tea ceremony was also born as a result of respect for nature and the necessity of peace and was held as a part of religious ceremonies. The interesting fact is that for many centuries the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism were mixed in the magic Chinese tea ceremony. Later Chinese people learned to value the pleasure they received from tea-drinking and its social meaning. Tea ce remony has turned from a religious ritual into the important part of social, cultural and traditional events (Baldwin et al, 2006). Chinese people has enjoyed tea-drinking for more than 4000 years. According to the legend, Yan Di, one of the three ancient rulers, tasted all the kinds of herbage to find methods of treatment. Once, when he was poisoned by some kind of herbage, the drop of water from manuka appeared in his mouth and saved him. Tea was applied as a medicine for long. During the rule of Chow dynasty it had religious status. In spring and in autumn people ate the leaves of manuka instead of vegetables (Wang, 2000). With the popularization of Buddhism in Northern and Southern dynasty, its dewy effect was used by monks for meditation. Tea as a drink was thriving during the rule of Tang dynasty and became a popular product in shops. The appearance of a book about tea became one of the most important events of this

The Drinking Age Should Stay at 21 Essay Example for Free

The Drinking Age Should Stay at 21 Essay I. Introduction: Starting in 1970 21 states reduced the minimum drinking age to 18. Another 8 reduced it to 19 or 20. However, these states noticed increases in alcohol-related fatalities among teenagers and young adults. As a result, of the 29 states that had lowered their drinking age, 24 raised the age again between 1976 and 1984. By 1984, only three states allowed 18-year-olds to drink all types of alcoholic liquor. The enactment of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 prompted states to raise their legal age for purchase or public possession of alcohol to 21 or risk losing millions in federal highway funds. The states who raised it were given highway funding by the government becuase the governement felt that teen drinking was directly connected to car accidents among teens. Opposite Postion: Con II. A. The longer we can delay alcohol use, the better the chance that a person will never have a problem with alcohol dependency later in life. 1. A survey of 43,093 adults showed that those who begin to drink alochol before the age of 14 become more dependent later in life. 2. This is compared to the 9 percent of those who wait until they are 21. III. A. Young Drinking Stops the Brain from growing and learning properly. 1. The brain stops developing at 21 so drinking earlier can cause serious damage 2. In one experiement it showed that even one high dose of alcohol temporarily prevented the creation of new cells IV. A. Exessive underage drinking at parities can lead to rapes, sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancies. 1. 60 percent of female college students who contract sexually transmittied diseases say they were under the influence at the time of the intercourse with the infected person 2. 20 percent of sexually active college students say they fail to use contraceptives when they are drunk. Supporting position: Pro V. A. If lowered to 18, younger teens will be able to get alcohol more easily. 1. A 2009 University of Michigan study reported that 80 percent of tenth-grade students believe alcohol is either fairly easy or very easy to obtain . 2. Teens with 18 year old friends can easily obtain the alcohol from them and possibly get into cars with these people VI. A. When teens drink alcohol, they are more likely to binge drink than people above the age of 21. 1. A 2007 by the substance abuse and mental health services administration found that 19 percent of 16 and 17 yea olds binge drink on alcohol each month. 2. 35 percent of people between the ages of 18 and 20 binge each month. VII. A. When Teens are not taught to drink in moderation they end up binge drink when they drink alcohol. 1. Many colleges aim to educate students about alochol consumption. 2. Alcohol Edu was installed in 450 colleges to instruct incoming freshman about the dangers of bingeing. VIII. A. Binge Drinking can lead to many car crash fatalities. 1. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that binge drinking accounted for more than half of the 80,00 annual deaths associated with ecessive drinking 2. In 2011, 85 percent of all alcohol imapired driving arrests or accidents involved people who also reported binge drinking IX. Argument in support of position: The Institute for Creative Research ( ICR ) found hat 84 percent of teenagers suport keeping or raising the current drinking age. They are supportive of legislation that will reduce the risks for them.

Hyatt Regency Walkway Design Analysis

Hyatt Regency Walkway Design Analysis The Hyatt Regency Walkway was an engineering design that was made in a hotel in Kansas. The construction began in spring of 1978. Then the Eldridge Construction Company entered  a subcontract with the company of Havens Steel in which they had agreed to fabricate and erect  the atrium steel for the Hyatt project. There were events and communications between both  companies about determining to change the design from a single to a double hanger rod box  beam connection for use on the fourth floor walkway. Then there was a setback because on  October 14, 1979, part of the atrium roof collapsed while the hotel was still in construction. They started an investigation of what caused the roof to collapse. Then into November there were reports and meetings between the owner and the architect assuring that the entire atrium was Safe. In July of 1980, the construction was completed and the Kansas City Regency Hotel opened. Introduction On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City   held a videotaped dance party in their atrium lobby. With many party-goers standing and dancing on the suspended walkways, connections supporting the ceiling rods that held up the second and fourth floor walkways across the atrium failed, and both walkways collapsed onto the crowded first floor atrium below. Background In 19760, the Crown Center Redevelopment Corporation started a project to design and also build the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City. There were some companies that were called to help with this project. One of them was the Gillum Colaco, which   had agreed to provide all the services for the Hyatt project. Then on April 4, they entered the real contract in.The G.C.E. were responsible for the drawings for the project. The walkways were not designed right because they were all connected to the 4th floor walkway. Investigation They went to the company that was responsible for the design and saw that they didnt support the rods well, thats why the walkways collapsed into the center of the dance were 114 people died and 216 people got injured. They then figured out what to do with the designer. Findings and recommendations References ENGINEERING.com. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse ENGINEERING.com. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse ENGINEERING.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016.   It was a vertically contiguous walkway that collapsed onto the tea dance that was in the hotel lobby. The walkway killed about 114 and injured 216, at that time that was the deadliest structural collapse in U.S history before the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. Background: The construction for the 40 story building began in May 1978. There were delays and setbacks including an incident that happened on October 14, 1979 when a 2,700 square foot of the atrium roof collapsed due to the failure of one of the connections at its northern end, the hotel still was officially opened on July 1,1980. The building was constructed to one of the walkways that had to also hold the weight of two others which in that case when 1,600 people gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch the tea dance and when there was 40 people on the second level walkway and more on the third and also with like 16 to 20 on the fourth level where they watched the activities that were going on below in the lobby. The construction difficulties resulted in a subtle but flawed design change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway that supported beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of both walkways which the design could barely adequately support the dead load weight of the structure itself. With the weight of the spectators the connection failed and the fourth floor walkway collapsed onto the second floor walkway then both fell unto the lobby killing 111 and injuring 219, but later on 3 more passed away in the hospital. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_walkway_collapse On july 17,1981 the Hyatt Regency hotel held a videotaped tea dance party. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czmQS81k9eM There was a crew of reporters there to record the dance. They recorded the walkways and showed all the people dancing and others at a bar area because there were 4 different bar sections. Later on around 7:00, they had to change the battery and while they were changing the battery the walkways then collapsed onto the lobby and there was silence for like a moment then all of a sudden there were people screaming and yelling for help. The reporters then turned on again the camera and recorded after the walkways had collapsed. Due to evidence supplied at the Hearings, a number of principals involved lost their engineering licenses, a number of firms went bankrupt, and many expensive legal suits were settled out of court Rubric rating submitted on: 12/21/2016, 12:43:50 PM by [emailprotected] 10 5 0 Title Page    Your score: 5 x Present not done Table of Contents    Your score: 5 x Present not done Abstract    Your score: 3 Present not done Introduction    Your score: 5 x Background    Your score: 7 Present not done Investigation    Your score: 5 Present not done Findings    Your score: 0 Present not done Impact    Your score: 0 Present not done Conclusion    Your score: 0 x not done References    Your score: 3 References included no references Notes    Your score: 10 Notes recorded no notes 6 Content Pages    Your score: 2 filled 6 pages 3 content pages no contents pages

Worldwide Denial of Global Warming Essay -- Essays Papers Environment

Worldwide Denial of Global Warming As human beings, we need to respect the environment in which we live. This is important to greater our future and that of others to follow. Very few people realize that their daily behaviors have a direct impact on the environment, the atmosphere in particular. By emitting harmful gasses into the air on a daily basis is one of the main reasons of such climate changes. People notice such changes and yet don't do anything to help the situation. Wee don't realize the risks that such changes in temperature pose. Rather than trying to conserve gas or taking cold showers, we still go on through our daily activities reluctant to change that will in time benefit the earth. By conserving gas and other harmful emissions like oil and electricity we are lessening the risks of global warming. By recognizing the potential risks, it will become easier to find practical solutions. There have been some steps toward conserving gas. Hybrid cars are becoming more and more popular among Americans and as well as other consumers. These cars will use less gas to get more mileage. Honda, is taking .steps toward lowering harmful gasses into the atmosphere by introducing these futuristic cars to the American public The main purpose of these cars is to reduce the dependency on gas for automobiles. As cheap college students, we all know how expensive gas is today, wouldn?t you rather save all the money you spend on gas and use it for other things like beer, clothes or other recreational purposes. The effects of global warming will have a lasting impact on the entire world. All people in all nations will experience unfortunate outcomes if something isn?t done soon. ... ...ed are called ?renewables.? ?Renewable energy technologies use solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, or biomass energy? (United States EPA). Such new technologies are clean compared with traditional energy technologies, which burn fossil fuels such as oil and gas and can be used to solve many environmental problems. Work cited Frazier, Ian. ?As The World Burns.? Mother Jones March/Apr. 2003: Vo.28. 2: Academic Search Premier. EBSCO Marshall, George and Mark Lynas. ?Why We Don?t Give A Damn.? New Statesman 21 Jan. 2003: 132. 4666: 18+.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO Schulz, Kathryn. ?Global Warming Right Now.? Rolling Stone 20 Feb. 2003: Iss.916 Academic Search Premier. EBSCO United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Renewable Energy: The Road from Global Warming To a Cleaner Future Office of Policy. September 1998.

Gene in A Seperate Peace :: John Knowles

At a young age everyone creates an enemy. Peace comes when this enemy leaves or has been destroyed. Everyone must fight, negotiate, and/or struggle with their enemy to be left with nothing but peace. Gene Forrester was the main character in the book A Separate Peace by John Knowles, which took place in the time of World War II. He made his enemy leave, through the death of his best friend Finny. As a result of fighting the wrong battle, Gene apologized to his friend Finny and found peace. After the highly athletic person Finny â€Å"Falls† from the tree, Gene begins to wonder who his friends are, and why his friends are his friends. At this time Gene starts to create a part of his enemy, â€Å"Jealousy†. Gene didn’t know if it was an accident when Finny fell from the tree, or if it was the jealousy that hurt his pal. Gene reflects â€Å"Could it be that, he might even be right? Had I really and defiantly and knowingly done it to him after all?† (70, Knowles). Gene is unsure and begins to question himself and weather his best friend is truly, his best friend. Gene is jealous of Finnys natural athleticism, Gene isn’t very athletic but does well in school, Finny is the opposite. Gene wonders to himself if he had been so jealous to just hurt, or possibly even kill his roommate and best friend. This was an internal battle, between his jealous side VS. his moral side. The jealous side wanted Finny out of the way, so he could becom e good at everything, and the moral side wanted to stay morally straight. Unfortunately his jealous side won this battle. When the enemy leaves, that person may not realize that his/her enemy has left for a duration of time, that person could be preoccupied with something else, or creating another enemy. This duration of time could be 15 years or two months, it could be any time at all. When Gene is on the battlefield getting ready to try to kill his enemy (literally) he realizes that his enemy has been gone since the death of his best friend Finny. Finny died from a nasty fall down the stairs and broke his leg again, the marrow from his bone flowed into his heart and killed him.

They Say More About You Than You Think

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Information and Communication Technology in Higher Education Essay

Introduction: Information and communication technology (ICT) is a force that has changed many aspects of the way we live. If one was to compare such fields as medicine, tourism, travel, business, law, banking, engineering and architecture, the impact of ICT across the past two or three decades has been enormous. The way these fields operate today is vastly different from the ways they operated in the past. But when one looks at education, there seems to have been an uncanny lack of influence and far less change than other fields have experienced. A number of people have attempted to explore this lack of activity and influence (e.g. Collis, 2002). There have been a number of factors impeding the wholesale uptake of ICT in education across all sectors. These have included such factors as a lack of funding to support the purchase of the technology, a lack of training among established teaching practitioners, a lack of motivation and need among teachers to adopt ICT as teaching tools (Starr, 2001). But in recent times, factors have emerged which have strengthened and encouraged moves to adopt ICTs into classrooms and learning settings. As we move into the 21st century, these factors and many others are bringing strong forces to bear on the adoption of ICTs in education and contemporary trends suggest we will soon see large scale changes in the way education is planned and delivered as a consequence of the opportunities and affordances of ICT. This paper seeks to explore the likely changes we will see in education as ICT acts as a powerful agent to change many of the educational practices to which we have become accustomed. In particular, the paper will explore the impact both current and emerging information and communication technologies will be likely to have in coming years on what is learned, when and where learning will take place and how the learning will occur. The impact of ICT on what is learned: Conventional teaching has emphasized content. For many years course have been written around textbooks. Teachers have taught through lectures and presentations interspersed with tutorials and learning activities designed to consolidate and rehearse the content. Contemporary settings are now favoring curricula that promote competency and performance. Curricula are starting to Emphasize capabilities and to be concerned more with how the information will be used than with what the information is. A. competency and performance-based curricula: The moves to competency and performance-based curricula are well supported and encouraged by emerging instructional technologies (e.g. Stephenson, 2001). Such curricula tend to require: access to a variety of information sources; access to a variety of information forms and types; student-centered learning settings based on information access and inquiry; learning environments centered on problem-centered and inquiry-based activities; authentic settings and examples; and teachers as coaches and mentors rather than content experts. Contemporary ICTs are able to provide strong support for all these requirements and there are now many outstanding examples of world class settings for competency and performance-based curricula that make sound use of the affordances of these technologies (e.g. Oliver, 2000). For many years, teachers wishing to adopt such curricula have been limited by their resources and tools but with the proliferation and widespread availability of contemporary ICTs, many Restrictions and impediments of the past have been removed. And new technologies will continue to drive these forms of learning further. As students and teachers gain access to higher Bandwidths, more direct forms of communication and access to sharable resources, the capability To support these quality learning settings will continue to grow. B. information literacy Another way in which emerging ICTs are impacting on the content of education curricula stems from the ways in which ICTs are dominating so much of contemporary life and work. Already There has emerged a need for educational institutions to ensure that graduates are able to display Appropriate levels of information literacy, â€Å"the capacity to identify and issue and then to identify, Locate and evaluate relevant information in order to engage with it or to solve a problem arising from it† (McCausland, Wache & Berk, 1999, p.2). The drive to promote such developments Stems from general moves among institutions to ensure their graduates demonstrate not only skills and knowledge in their subject domains but also general attributes and generic skills. Traditionally generic skills have involved such capabilities as an ability to reason formally, to Solve problems, to communicate effectively, to be able to negotiate outcomes, to manage time, Project management, and collaboration and teamwork skills. The growing use of ICTs as tools of Every day life have seen the pool of generic skills expanded in recent years to include information Literacy and it is highly probable that future developments and technology applications will see This set of skills growing even more. The impact of ICT on how students learn Just as technology is influencing and supporting what is being learned in schools and universities, So too is it supporting changes to the way students are learning. Moves from content-centered Curricula to competency-based curricula are associated with moves away from teacher-centered Forms of delivery to student-centered forms. Through technology-facilitated approaches, Contemporary learning settings now encourage students to take responsibility for their own Learning .In the past students have become very comfortable to learning through transmissive Modes. Students have been trained to let others present to them the information that forms the Curriculum. The growing use of ICT as an instructional medium is changing and will likely Continue to change many of the strategies employed by both teachers and students in the learning Process. The following sections describe particular forms of learning that are gaining prominence in universities and schools worldwide. A. Student-centered learning Technology has the capacity to promote and encourage the transformation of education from a Very teacher directed enterprise to one which supports more student-centered models. Evidence of This today is manifested in: The proliferation of capability, competency and outcomes focused curricula Moves towards problem-based learning Increased use of the Web as an information source, Internet users are able to choose the Experts from whom they will learn The use of ICT in educational settings, by itself acts as a catalyst for change in this domain. ICTs By their very nature are tools that encourage and support independent learning. Students using ICTs for learning purposes become immersed in the process of learning and as more and more Students use computers as information sources and cognitive tools (e.g. Reeves & Jonassen, 1996), the influence of the technology on supporting how students learn will continue to increase. B. Supporting knowledge construction The emergence of ICTs as learning technologies has coincided with a growing awareness and recognition of alternative theories for learning. The theories of learning that hold the greatest Sway today is those based on constructivist principles (e.g. Duffy & Cunningham, 1996). These Principles posit that learning is achieved by the active construction of knowledge supported by various perspectives within meaningful contexts. The strengths of constructivism lie in its emphasis on learning as a process of personal understanding and the development of meaning in ways which are active and interpretative. In This domain learning is viewed as the construction of meaning rather than as the memorization of facts (e.g. Lebow, 1993; Jonassen & Reeves, 1996). Learning approaches using contemporary ICTs provide many opportunities for constructivist learning through their provision and support for resource-based, student centered settings and by enabling learning to be related to context and to pra ctice (e.g. Berge, 1998; Barron, 1998). As mentioned previously, any use of ICT in learning Settings can act to support various aspects of knowledge construction and as more and more Students employ ICTs in their learning processes, the more pronounced the impact of this will Become. The impact of ICT on when and where students learn In the past educational institutions have provided little choice for students in terms of the method And manner in which programs have been delivered. Students have typically been forced to Accept what has been delivered and institutions have tended to be quite staid and traditional in terms of the delivery of their programs. ICT applications provide many options and choices and Many institutions are now creating competitive edges for themselves through the choices they are offering students. A. Any place learning The concept of flexibility in the delivery place of educational programs is not new (e.g. Moore & Kersey, 1996). Educational institutions have been offering programs at a distance for many Years and there has been a vast amount of research and development associated with establishing Effective practices and procedures in off-campus teaching and learning. Use of the technology, However, has extended the scope of this activity and whereas previously off-campus delivery was An option for students who were unable to attend campuses, today, many more students are able to make this choice through technology-facilitated learning settings. The scope and extent of this Activity is demonstrated in some of the examples below. The communications capabilities of modern technologies provide opportunities for many Learners to enroll in courses offered by external institutions rather than those situated locally. These opportunities provide such advantages as extended course offerings and eclectic class Cohorts comprised of students of differing backgrounds, cultures and perspectives. ï‚ ·Ã¯â‚¬  The freedoms of choice provided by programs that can be accessed at any place are also Supporting the delivery of programs with units and courses from a variety of institutions, There are now countless ways for students completing undergraduate degrees for example, to Study units for a single degree, through a number of different institutions, an activity that Provides considerable diversity and choice for students in the programs they complete. B. Any time learning In concert with geographical flexibility, technology-facilitated educational programs also remove Many of the temporal constraints that face learners with special needs (e.g. Moore & Kearsley, 1996). Students are starting to appreciate the capability to undertake education anywhere, Anytime and any place. This flexibility has heightened the availability of just-in-time learning and provided learning opportunities for many more learners who previously were constrained by other commitments (e.g. Young, 2002). Through online technologies learning has become an activity that is no longer set within Programmed schedules and slots. Learners are free to participate in learning activities when time permits and these freedoms have greatly increased the opportunities for many students to Participate in formal programs. ï‚ ·Ã¯â‚¬  The wide varieties of technologies that support learning are able to provide asynchronous Supports for learning so that the need for real-time participation can be avoided while the Advantages of communication and collaboration with other learners are retained. Emerging Issues A number of other issues have emerged from the uptake of technology whose impacts have yet to Be fully explored. These include changes to the makeup of the teacher pool, changes to the Profile of who are the learners in our courses and paramount in all of this, changes in the costing And economics of course delivery. A. expanding the pool of teachers In the past, the role of teacher in an educational institution was a role given to only highly qualified people. With technology-facilitated learning, there are now opportunities to extend the Teaching pool beyond this specialist set to include many more people. The changing role of the Teacher has seen increased opportunities for others to participate in the process including Workplace trainers, mentors, specialists from the workplace and others. Through the affordances And capabilities of technology, today we have a much expanded pool of teachers with varying Roles able to provide support for learners in a variety of flexible settings. This trend seems set to Continue and to grow with new ICT developments and applications. And within this changed pool of teachers will come changed responsibilities and skill sets for future teaching involving high levels of ICT and the need for more facilitative than didactic teaching roles. B. expanding the pool of students In the past, education has been a privilege and an opportunity that often was unavailable to many students whose situation did not fit the mainstream. Through the flexibilities provided by technology, many students who previously were unable to participate in educational activities are now finding opportunities to do so. The pool of students is changing and will continue to change as more and more people who have a need for education and training are able to take advantage of the increased opportunities. Interesting opportunities are now being observed among, for example, school students studying university courses to overcome limitations in their school programs and workers undertaking courses from their desktops. C. The cost of education Traditional thinking has always been that technology-facilitated learning would provide economies and efficiencies that would see significant reductions in the costs associated with the delivery of educational programs. The costs would come from the ability to create courses with fixed establishment costs, for example technology-based courses, and for which there would be savings in delivery through large scale uptake. We have already seen a number of virtual universities built around technology delivery alone. The reality is that few institutions have been able to realize these aims for economy. There appear to have been many underestimated costs in such areas as course development and course delivery. The costs associated with the development of high quality technology-facilitated learning materials are quite high. It has found to be more than a matter of repackaging existing materials and large scale reengineering has been found to be necessary with large scale costs. Likewise costs associated with delivery have not been found to diminish as expected. The main reason for this has been the need to maintain a relatively stable student to staff ratio and the expectation of students that they will have access to teachers in their courses and programs. Compared to traditional forms of off-campus learning, technology-facilitated learning has proven to be quite expensive in all areas of consideration, infrastructure, course development and course delivery. We may have to brace ourselves for the advantages and affordances which will improve the quality of education in the near future to also increase components of the cost. Efforts of Indian government in this aspect Realizing the importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) the Ministry of Human Resource Development as per the Mission Document, ICT is the tool in education available to enhance the current enrolment rate in Higher Education, at present 15 percent to 30 percent by the end of the 11th Plan period. The Ministry also launched a web portal named â€Å"SAKSHAT† a ‘One Stop Education Portal’. The high quality e-content once developed will be uploaded on SAKSHAT in all disciplines and subjects. Several projects are in the completion stage and are expected to change the way teaching and learning is done in India. The Mission has two major components viz., (a) content generation and (b) connectivity along with provision for access devices for institutions and learners. It seeks to bR&Dge the digital divide, i.e., the gap in the skills to use computing devices for the purpose of teaching and learning among urban and rural teachers/learners in Higher Education domain and empower those, who have hitherto remained untouched by the digital revolution and have not been able to join the mainstream of the knowledge economy. It plans to focus on appropriate pedagogy for e-learning, providing facility of performing experiments through virtual laboratories, on-line testing and certification, on-line availability of teachers to guide and mentor learners, utilization of available Education Satellite (EduSAT) and Direct to Home (DTH) platforms, training and empowerment of teachers to effectively use the new method of teaching learning etc. On the one hand, the Mission would create high quality e-content for the target groups and on the other, it would simultaneously seek to extend computer infrastructure and connectivity to over 18000 colleges in the country including each of the departments of nearly 400 universities/deemed universities and institutions of national importance. The peer group assisted content development would utilize the Wikipedia type of collaborative platform under the supervision of a content advisory committee responsible for vetting the content. Interactivity and problem solving approach would be addressed through â€Å"Talk to a Teacher† segment. It is an opportunity as well as a challenge for the bright faculty members of our Universities and Institutions of Excellence to invest their intellectual capital for the knowledge empowerment of all the learners of our Country. We need to synergize our individual efforts in this direction. Summary and Conclusions This paper has sought to explore the role of ICT in education as we progress into the 21st century. In particular the paper has argued that ICTs have impacted on educational practice in education to date in quite small ways but that the impact will grow considerably in years to come and that ICT will become a strong agent for change among many educational practices. Extrapolating current activities and practices, the continued use and development of ICTs within education will have a strong impact on: What is learned; How it is learned; When and where learning takes place; Who is learning and who is teaching. To ensure that the opportunities and advantages are realized, it will be important as it is in every other walk of life to ensure that the educational research and development dollar is sustained so that education at large can learn from within and that experiences and activities in different institutions and sectors can inform and guide others without the continual need for re-invention of the wheel. Once again ICTs serve to provide the means for much of this activity to realize the potential it holds. References Collis, B. (2002). Information technologies for education and training. In Adelsberger, H., Collis, B, & Pawlowski, J. (Eds.) Handbook on Technologies for Information and Training. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Duffy, T., & Cunningham, D. (1996). Constructivism: Implications for the design and delivery of instruction, Handbook of research for educational telecommunications and technology (pp. 170-198). New York: MacMillan. Oliver, R. (2000). Creating Meaningful Contexts for Learning in Web-based Settings. Proceedings of Open Learning 2000. (pp 53-62). Brisbane: Learning Network, Queensland. Oliver, R. & Towers, S. (2000). Benchmarking ICT literacy in tertiary learning settings. In R. Sims, M. O’Reilly & S. Sawkins (Eds). Learning to choose: Choosing to learn. Proceedings of the 17th Annual ASCILITE Conference (pp 381-390). Lismore, NSW: Southern Cross University Press. Soloway, E. & Pryor, A. (1996). The next generation in human-computer interaction. Communications of the ACM, 39(4), 16-18. Starr, L. (2001). Available at http://www.education-world.com/a_tech/tech075.shtml [Accessed July 2002]. Stephenson, J., Ed. (2001). Learner-managed learning- an emerging pedagogy for online learning. Teaching and Learning Online: Pedagogies for New Technologies. London, Kogan Page. Young, J. (2002). The 24-hour professor. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 48(38), 31-33.